China J177, 30th Anniv. of Effectivity of Antarctic Treaty《南极条约生效三十周年》
J177 南极条约生效三十周年
（1-1）南极条约生效三十周年，20 分
发行日期：1991.6.23
设计：王虎鸣
印制：北京邮票厂。
南极洲，是指南纬60°以南的陆地与岛屿，总面积达1410.7万平方公里。矿产资源、水生资源极为丰富，有重要的军事意义和经济意义。早在二十世纪初，英国第一个宣布对西经20°-80°的扇形领土 拥有主权。接着一些国家也相继提出领土要求，尤其是智利、阿根廷与英国要求的地域大部分相重叠，致使三 国之间冲突不断。为此，阿根廷、澳大利亚、比利时、智利、法国、英国、日本、新西兰、挪威、南非、美国和原苏联12个国家代表经过60多次会议，于1959年12月1日协商签署了《南极条约》，1961年 6月23日正式生效，有效期为30年。条约的主要内容是：南极地区只用于和平目的；科学考察自由，实行环境保护；科研人员和资料交换自由；禁止在南极建立军事基地，不准进行核试验、核爆炸和倾泄放射性废物；冻结一切按扇形理论提出的领土要求；条约国有权在南极行使对它国南极站的检查和保护南极的生物资源。但在勘探与开发南极的问题上，条约未作任何规定。1983年6月中国加入条约，并于1984年11月首次 组队赴南极考察。1985年2月在南极洲建立了我国 第一个南极科学考察站——长城站。1985年10月7日，在布鲁塞尔举行的第13次南极条约协商国会议上一致通过中国为协约国。从法律上承认中国在南极事务中有发言权和决策权。1989年2月我国又建立了第二个中国南极考察站——中山站。
Stamp Title: 30th Anniv. of Effectivity of Antarctic Treaty
Serial number: J177
（1-1）30th Anniv. of Effectivity of Antarctic Treaty ，20 fen
Date of issue: June 23, 1991
Designer: Wang Huming
Printing House: Beijing Postage Stamp Printing Works
The 12 nations listed in the preamble (below) signed the Antarctic Treaty on 1 December 1959 at Washington, D.C. The Treaty entered into force on 23 June 1961; the 12 signatories became the original 12 consultative nations.
As of May 2000, 15 additional nations (Brazil, Bulgaria, China, Ecuador, Finland, Germany, India, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Peru, Republic of Korea, Sweden, Spain, and Uruguay) have achieved consultative status by acceding to the Treaty and by conducting substantial scientific research in Antarctica. Russia carries forward the signatory privileges and responsibilities established by the former Soviet Union.
Another 18 nations have acceded to the Antarctic Treaty: Austria, Canada, Colombia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea, Denmark, Estonia, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, Papua New Guinea, Romania, Slovak Republic, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, and Venezuela. These nations agree to abide by the treaty and may attend consultative meetings as observers.
The 45 Antarctic Treaty nations represent about two-thirds of the world’s human population.
Consultative meetings have been held approximately every other year since the treaty entered into force, but since 1993 they have been held more frequently. Each meeting has generated recommendations regarding operation of the treaty that, when ratified by the participating governments, become binding on the parties to the treaty.
Additional meetings within the Antarctic Treaty system have produced agreements on conservation of seals, conservation of living resources, and comprehensive environmental protection.
What follows is the complete text of the Antarctic Treaty. The headings for each article were added by the National Science Foundation and are unofficial.
